I Just Watched That New Mexico Tourism Video Again

Overview

Travelers have been coming to the Southwest, and New Mexico in particular, for many thousands of years. The primeval nomadic hunter-gatherers were seeking their subsistence until the Mogollon culture, in approximately 100 BC, settled in, building permanent pit houses and learning to farm. The Ancestral Pueblo people came next, with both these groups developing into the early Pueblo Culture.

Information technology is interesting to note that in the kickoff millennium, in that location are indications that transcontinental travel existed, as native people engaged in complex substitution networks trading both raw materials and finished artifacts over vast areas of North America. Obsidian, copper, pearls and other objects found in Ohio Valley Hopewell burying mounds provide evidence of materials that came from as far away as the Rocky Mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of United mexican states.

As the Pueblo civilization was putting down roots, the Athabascans—the Navajo and Apache people—moved in from the n. These hunter-gatherers ultimately adult a long and productive human relationship with their Pueblo neighbors.

The adjacent and biggest moving ridge of travelers were the Spanish explorers in the 1500's who were in search of wealth and glory, and certainly ability. On their heels were the Castilian clergy seeking to convert "the heathens" to Christianity, and as the Spanish armed forces presence grew, settlers moved into the Nuevo Mexico region. In 1598 Don Juan de Oñate built the first permanent settlement in the American west; Don Pedro de Peralta founded Santa Fe as the first capital in 1610. Many decades passed with fighting and mortality the norm, merely the Spanish settlers were determined and remained. Travel and trade between United mexican states and Nuevo United mexican states connected to expand, with trade fairs from Taos to El Paso mutual by the 1790's.

Mountain men began arriving in Taos past 1750, and with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Taos became a base of operation and a refuge for these predominantly French-Canadian and American trappers and traders. Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 dramatically inverse the class of events in the New Mexico Territory. American traders were no longer outlawed, but were welcomed by the immature Mexican regime, hungry for the tariffs their merchandise would bring. The economy of New United mexican states grew like wildfire.

From 1821 until the coming of the railroad in 1879, the Santa Fe Trail served as a vital commercial and military highway. The 900-mile trail connected Onetime Franklin, Missouri to Santa Fe and was the lifeline linking the New Mexico Territory to the Midwest and eastern Us. With Mexico's independence from Espana, the Trail evolved into an international commercial highway used by Mexican and American traders.

The Trail provided a set up trade route for handmade indigenous goods from the New Mexico Territory to find their way into Victorian parlors and private collections back e. Traders, located at small-scale posts in Hispanic villages, Navajo and Pueblo communities, accustomed Native American pottery and baskets, jewelry and weavings, and Spanish woodwork, weavings, and religious icons in exchange for the staples and manufactured appurtenances they imported from the east. The traders then sold these objects to travelers and anthropologists as examples of a passing lifestyle, as the locals increased their dependence on manufactured products. Explaining this moment in the evolution of New Mexico's economy, Joseph Traugott in How the Due west is I notes that, "the commodification of ethnic objects played a primal part in New United mexican states's transition from a subsistence, agricultural economy to a coin-based market economy." These trade items, representative of the indigenous civilization of the Southwest, became an of import gene in promoting tourism; they were not only useful as bolt for trade and art objects for collectors, but also every bit curios for travelers. Enterprising 19th century traders encouraged the indigenous people to make "tourist art"—smaller and cheaper mementos of their trip.

With the Louisiana Purchase, the ending of the Mexican-American State of war in 1848, and America's Civil War (1861–1865), the westward expansion of America would modify this state forever. Empowered by the 19th century concepts of Manifest Destiny (the God-given directive for America to aggrandize westward), and bearing the then-called "White Man'due south Brunt," (the Christian moral obligation to convert and civilize Native peoples), European-Americans became the next tidal moving ridge to journey to the Southwest.

The coming of the railroad to New Mexico in 1879 provided the easy access that was needed, opening full-scale trade and migration from the east and Midwest.

Ancestry of the Tourist Industry

The 1880's saw extensive growth in the numbers of people traveling to the Southwest. New Mexico, its land and people, was a principal destination for:

• ranchers and homesteaders looking for cheap state to settle on,
• geological expeditions surveying the land,
• ethnologists studying and documenting Native American lifestyles,
• businessmen looking for opportunities to sell or manufacture their appurtenances,
• adventurers and golden prospectors,
• artists and photographers seeking inspiration, and
• lawyers and politicians hoping to provide a legal and political organization for the lawless territory.

With the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad in 1879, people could travel to New Mexico in relative ease, compared to the rigors of the Santa Fe Trail. As life back e prospered, a whole new population of travelers came westward. These were the "tourists," people who had the time and ways to accept tours for recreational or leisure purposes—a radical alter in the concept of travel. With this newest influx, the conscious evolution of tourism equally an industry took hold.

Tourists were attracted to New Mexico for its slap-up natural beauty. As images of the region appeared in magazines and journals, easterners were stunned by the huge spaces, deserts, canyons, and mountains. These views provided a remarkable contrast to the gentler, refined landscape, and congenital-up towns and cities where they lived. When artist Frederick Dellenbaugh, who accompanied Major John Wesley Powell's western geological expeditions, exhibited his landscape paintings at the 1904 St. Louis World's Off-white, spectators could not believe such a place really existed!

However, it was the exotic and romanticized images of Native American life that appeared in the pages of Harper'southward and Scribner'south magazines that excited even greater interest—readers were fascinated with this vision of the Wild W and wanted to see it for themselves.

Artists flocked to New United mexican states inspired by its vast natural dazzler and the indigenous cultures that were so different from their ain. Many of the early on artists worked in a classical painting tradition that tended to romanticize native life. Not being ethnographers, they often created images mixing artifacts from their collections, thereby producing culturally inauthentic views of their subjects. These works were exhibited at galleries and expositions across the country, spreading a highly romantic, if not always accurate, vision of the Southwest.

The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad realized the collective power of these images for promoting travel, and was quick to appropriate the romance of the west as function of their advertising campaign. How could the Santa Fe Railroad make the trip itself appealing? For the gentrified tourist, traveling in comfort was a new concept. Enter Fred Harvey, whose impact on tourism in New Mexico is legendary.

Fred Harvey was an innovative entrepreneur who understood the tourist's needs, developing what became the first chain of restaurants across New Mexico and the due west—The Harvey House— standardizing loftier quality food and service at railroad eating-houses. Later, at more prominent locations, these restaurants evolved into hotels, many of which survive today. By the late 1880s, at that place was a Fred Harvey dining facility located every 100 miles along the Santa Atomic number 26 Line. Another innovation was his policy of hiring only female waitresses, the Harvey Girls, who were single, well-mannered, and educated "immature women, 18 to 30 years of age, of skilful character, bonny and intelligent," so his paper advertising read.

Harvey is known for pioneering the art of commercial cultural tourism. His "Indian Detours" were meant to provide an accurate Native American feel by having actors stage a sure lifestyle in the desert in order to sell tickets to unwitting tourists. He became a postcard publisher, both to promote business organisation, and to serve every bit souvenirs. In 1902 at the Alvarado Hotel in Albuquerque, Harvey built a museum and gift shop to bear witness and sell Native American art, and even earlier began to commission Indian jewelry to sell at his outlets. Harvey's daring vision helped to create New Mexico as a major tourist  destination. His multi-generational family business essentially invented the hospitality manufacture, radically changing the fashion Americans traveled and spent their leisure time forever.

Acknowldegments
The Art of New Mexico: How the Westward is One
Joseph Traugott
Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, 2007

Ambition for America: How Visionary Businessman Fred Harvey Built a Railroad Hospitality Empire That Civilized the Wild West
Stephen Fried
Bantam, 2010

Tourism and the Arts

Tourism and the arts become manus in hand in New United mexican states, from the early on days when tourism became a conscious manufacture, through to our own times.

In the late 19th century the ii main ideas motivating artists to visit and piece of work here were the concept of New United mexican states equally a picturesque locale with an exotic and colorful population, and counter to this view, the goal of preserving and documenting authentic lifestyles of the Native American and Hispanic communities. Both of these visions resulted in paintings and photography shown dorsum east in galleries and museums, magazines and newspapers, souvenir postcards, and incorporated into calendars and advert materials.

I early grouping of artists settled in Taos. Bert Geer Phillips had studied at the Julian University in Paris, where he met Ernest Blumenschein and Joseph Sharp. Their passionate interest in the mural and people of the New Mexico pueblos inspired their fateful trip to the southwest in 1898. Outside of Taos, the wagon they were travelling in lost a wheel bringing them into the boondocks where, inspired past the landscape, they decided to finish and paint. They became the but white artists operating in the region, displaying their work out of their studios, and condign a major attraction for white tourists in Taos. The three artists helped found the Taos Lodge of Artists whose 6 original members, including E. Irving Couse, W. Herbert Dunton, and Oscar Berninghaus, tended to exist European-trained illustrators and painters. By 1915, there were more than a hundred artists working in Taos, though simply a scattering were voted into the Taos society which finally disbanded in 1927, possibly due to decreased sales and publicity.

Classical European art, which had formed the foundation for most of the teaching that American artists experienced, had gone through a radical evolution. With the invention of the camera in the belatedly 1800'southward, adventurous artists in Europe felt liberated from the necessity to brand representational art—the camera could do that! Instead, they began to experiment with artmaking itself as Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism and Cubism began to supplant traditional picture making. In 1913, many American artists were treated to their first view of these new developments at the Armory for the Arts Exhibition in New York City where they saw the work of Cezanne and Matisse, Picasso and Duchamp, and a long list of other innovators. For some, it was considered a scandalous bear witness, even an outrage. But for the history of American art, information technology was a watershed that introduced artists, collectors, fine art historians and the public accustomed to realistic art, to modern art. The show served as a goad for American artists, who became more than independent and created their ain "artistic language." New Mexico and its wide-open spaces offered an ideal place to explore, both in terms of field of study thing and artistic style.

In the early on years of the 20th century artists came to New Mexico in big numbers having been inspired past the early images, or having heard reports and seen the work of friends who had visited; some artists came for health issues finding the climate a respite for their tuberculosis. The coming of New United mexican states Statehood in 1912 saw a rapid increase in the population.

Seventy miles south of Taos, a whole other arts community was rapidly developing. Later the Beginning Earth War, Santa Fe became what Joseph Traugott calls a "modernist destination," as artists looking for fresh subject field matter and a new approach in their painting came in droves. The modernist painters responded to the landscape and Native American and Hispanic life with more abstruse, visually experimental paintings, which offered an opportunity for their ain intellectual and emotional expression.

Another big draw for the modernists to Santa Fe was the opening in 1917 of the Museum of New Mexico Fine art Gallery (its name was changed to the Museum of Fine Arts in 1962). Edgar Hewett, an archeologist, educator, and administrator, was an instrumental figure in the development of the Museum and its first director. He understood the significance of the Museum and the arts for the economical development of the metropolis and worked with local community leaders also as state authorities to go the public and individual funding that was needed to build a museum in a small town. Encouraged by Robert Henri, a well-known painter from New York Urban center with a potent social conscience, Hewett developed the Museum's Open up-Door Policy, a non-exclusionary program which allowed any artist working in New Mexico to exhibit his or her work without the need for pre-approval by a jury. This radical democratic thought, closely allied to the progressive thinking of many younger Eastern artists, poets, and intellectuals, proved to exist an enormous allure.

With a background in archaeology, Hewett also developed a plan providing back up for Pueblo artists like Maria Martinez, to piece of work with historic clay and images, prompting a revival of pottery equally a fundamental ingredient in the economic development of Pueblo artists. The Museum'southward open-door policy created a revolutionary model for exhibiting both ethnic Native American and Hispanic artists alongside the work of recognized New York painters and sculptors, making Santa Atomic number 26 an ideal environment for the expansion of the arts for both economical development and equally an attraction for tourists.

Many of the Modernist artists from New York joined forces in Santa Atomic number 26, just as the earlier artists did in Taos. Los Cinco Pintores consisted of Fremont Ellis, Jozeph Bakos, Walter Mruk, Will Shuster, and Willard Nash banding together in 1921 to experiment with modernist painting methods and leading colorful lifestyles. Another loose coalition chosen the New Mexico Painters formed in 1923 included Gustave Baumann, Ernest Blumenschein, and B.J.O. Norfeldt; their purpose, according to Time Mag, November, 1923, was to hold annual exhibitions in New York, Chicago, and other fine art centers. For these artists, by the 1920's the shift was from an ethnographic focus to painting itself. They were all interested in showing and selling their work.

Every bit the arts community grew through the 1920's, and then did the conflicts around tourism—whether to maintain Santa Iron'southward (and its indigenous and modernist) actuality, or whether to cater to the tourist trade. Tourist revenues had become an essential component of the city's income. In 1926 Route 66 wound its way through the state and car travel opened the floodgates—tourism expanded exponentially. A series of all-community events and festivals celebrating the city'southward tri-cultural population provided an exciting destination for travelers interested in the arts and culture of the Southwest:

• The Santa Fe Fiesta, which had first taken place in 1712, was revived in 1919.
• The Commencement Annual Exhibition of Indian Arts and Civilization, took place in 1922, later evolving into the world-renowned Santa Fe Indian Market.
• In 1925, the Spanish Colonial Arts Guild was founded and had its showtime Spanish Market in 1926.
• That same yr artist Will Shuster moved his traditional called-for of Quondam Human being Gloom downtown behind City Hall, and the burning of Zozobra became an almanac result.

To provide a comfy place for both in and out-of-state tourists to spend the night, La Fonda was remodeled in 1921. The Santa Atomic number 26 Plaza became the hub of the city—the cardinal place for locals and tourists to enjoy the city'southward many cultural offerings.

When the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 put an precipitous stop to economic growth all across the country, the Southwest saw a sharp decline in tourism and the revenues the manufacture engendered.

Acknowldegement
The Art of New United mexican states: How the Westward is One
Joseph Traugott
Museum of New Mexico Printing, Santa Iron, 2007

Land of Enchantment

Equally Santa Fe and Taos were developing into arts destinations for travelers, other areas of New Mexico were beingness clean-cut for tourists interested in the natural wonders of the state. The year 1876 marked the grand centennial for the United states, and American nationalists seized upon the thou breathtaking vistas, especially found in the American West, equally a source of national pride. As the century neared its close, these "treasures" were increasingly included in national parks.

This national development had pregnant implications for tourism locally. The economic benefits to be derived from park condition were not lost on early promoters. Parks brought visitors who would crave a multifariousness of services that translated into businesses and jobs. Post-obit the Yellowstone Act, other park proposals proliferated as politicians sought a similar resource for their districts.

New Mexico'south own Stewart Udall, Secretary of the Interior nether John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, played a monumental office in protecting not simply the state's, just the country's natural resources. He aggressively promoted an expansion of federal public lands and assisted with the enactment of major environmental legislation. He oversaw the addition of four parks, 6 national monuments, eight seashores and lakeshores, ix recreation areas, 20 historic sites and 56 wildlife refuges to the National Park organisation. Udall's piece of work was central to the enactment of ecology laws such equally the Clear Air, Water Quality and Clean H2o Restoration Acts and Amendments, the Wilderness Act of 1964, the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, the National Trail System Human activity of 1968, and Wild and Scenic Rivers Human action of 1968.

Chaco Canyon

In the middle of the 19th century, several of Chaco'southward major ruins were rediscovered. The get-go archaeological investigation commenced in May 1896, when the Hyde Exploring Expedition started work on Pueblo Bonito. This expedition launched over a century of archaeological excavations and surveys in the canyon and outlying areas and led to the creation of Chaco Canyon National Monument in 1907 nether the auspices of the 1906 Antiquities Act.

Beginning in 1937 the Noncombatant Conservation Corps, part of the New Bargain Piece of work Relief Plan, funded an experimental Mobile Unit to work on ruins salve and stabilization, continuing to 1970. The coiffure was by and large Navajo, including one female person member. Many members of the current preservation crew are 2nd-generation Chaco stonemasons related to the original team. Past 1959, the National Park Service had constructed a park company centre, staff housing, and campgrounds.

Chaco was listed with the National Annals of Historic Places in 1966, and in 1980, the monument boundaries were expanded; the name was inverse to Chaco Culture National Historical Park. The park received international attention when it was recognized as a Globe Heritage Cultural Park in 1987.

Acknowledgements
National Park Service
Chaco Culture, National Celebrated Park
http://www.nps.gov/annal/chcu/excavate.htm

Aztec Ruins

Aztec Ruins National Monument, divisional on the eastward by the Animas River, preserves an all-encompassing customs of multi-story structures, smaller residential buildings, roadways, ceremonial kivas, excavation, and artifacts left by the 11th through 13th century ancestors of today's Puebloans of the Southwest. The site was declared Aztec Ruin National Monument in 1923 and inverse to Aztec Ruins in 1928. It was listed on the National Annals of Historic Places in 1966, and in 1987 was added to the UNESCO list of Globe Heritage Sites, as part of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.

Acknowledgements
National Park Service
Aztec Ruins National Monument
http://world wide web.nps.gov/azru/historyculture/index.htm
http://www.nps.gov/azru/naturescience/index.htm

Bandelier National Monument

Bandelier'due south man history extends back for over 10,000 years when nomadic hunter-gatherers followed migrating wildlife across the mesas and canyons. By 1150 CE Ancestral Pueblo people began to build more permanent settlements. By 1550 the Ancestral Pueblo people, formerly called the Anasazi, had moved from their homes on the mesas to pueblos along the Rio Grande (Cochiti, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo).

In the mid-1700'due south Spanish settlers with Castilian land grants fabricated their homes in Frijoles Coulee. In 1880 Jose Montoya of Cochiti Pueblo brought Adolph F. A. Bandelier, an influential nineteenth century historian and anthropologist to the region, which became one of Bandelier'due south favorite places for archaeological inquiry. He went on to undertake pioneering ethnographic and archaeological research in the American Southwest and the central Andes, laying the foundation for anthropological inquiry in these areas.

The establishment of the Bandelier National Monument in 1916 was a directly consequence of conflicting pressures on the limited space of the Pajarito Plateau. Archaeologists, homesteaders, stockmen, and the Santa Fe business customs all had a stake in the region. Each group thought its use should accept precedence and none retreated from its position. The intervention of Federal agencies only complicated an already volatile situation, and the eventual establishment of the monument was a compromise that was a prelude to further conflict. In 1916 legislation to create Bandelier National Monument was signed by President Woodrow Wilson. Between 1934 and 1941 workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) worked from a army camp synthetic in Frijoles Canyon. Among their accomplishments is the road into Frijoles Coulee, the current visitor center, a new lodge, and miles of trails. For several years during World War Two the park was airtight to the public and the Bandelier society was used to house Manhattan Project scientists and armed services personnel.

Today the National Park Service co-operates with surrounding pueblos, other federal agencies and state agencies to manage the park, which receives 300,000 visitors annually.

Acknowledgement
National Park Service
Bandelier National Monument
http://world wide web.nps.gov/ring/historyculture/alphabetize.htm

Gila Cliff Dwellings

The Mogollon once flourished in the Gila region leaving their imprint when they moved on, around 1300. By the fourth dimension the kickoff Castilian set foot in southwest New Mexico, the Mogollons and Mimbrenos had both disappeared, and Apaches, by and large Chiricahua, inhabited the area. Led by famous chiefs such equally Cochise and Geronimo, the Apaches retreated to a remote stronghold, into the rugged forests and mountains of the wilderness. Considering of their trigger-happy protectiveness, the area remained undeveloped into the 1870s when the Apaches were squeezed out by Mexican and white settlers, ranchers, miners and prospectors.

In 1907 President Roosevelt, by executive proclamation, set aside a quarter section of land containing the "Gila Hot Springs Cliff-Houses" as Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument, specifically prohibiting settlement on the reservation and harm or appropriation of whatsoever of its features.

Aldo Leopold, a former Forest Service employee who devoted nearly of his adult life to preserving the nation'south wild places, lobbied to accept the Wilderness preserved by an administrative process of excluding roads and denying use permits. Through his efforts, this area became recognized in 1924 as the start wilderness area in the National Woods System. In 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson enacted The Wilderness Human action of 1964 designating sure Woods Service primitive areas as wilderness where humans are considered visitors, non residents of these areas, and machines are non allowed. Gila became the first congressionally designated wilderness area in the Wilderness Preservation arrangement.

Acknowledgements
National Park Service
Gila Cliff Dwellings
http://www.nps.gov/annal/gicl/adhi/adhi.htm

Desert USA
http://world wide web.desertusa.com/gila/gila.html

White Sands

A determined group of local promoters dreamed of attracting some kind of development to the Alamogordo area in order to capitalize on the dunes. Many proposals had been submitted regarding commercial evolution of the gypsum institute in the dunes, but none had come to fruition. Seizing on the park idea, Tom Charles, one of the leaders suggested, "Gypsum may be divided into two classes - Commercial and Inspirational. The erstwhile everybody has, but equally for recreational gypsum, we have it all. No place else in the world do you find these alabaster dunes with the beauty and splendor of the Smashing White Sands".

Charles' enthusiasm for the project was contagious and his perceptions well-nigh the value of the dunes also proved accurate. Interest in some sort of national recognition for the resource grew throughout the latter part of the 1920s. Studies were conducted by the National Park Service who adamant that while the dunes might non meet the criteria for National Park status, which required a variety of resource values, the setting was ideal for preservation as a national monument. With the total bankroll of the New Mexico congressional delegation, as well as the support of communities from El Paso to Roswell, success was achieved.

Formal recognition for the uniqueness of the white sands of southern New United mexican states came in 1933, when President Herbert Hoover, interim under the authority of the Antiquities Act of 1906, proclaimed and established a White Sands National Monument.

In some ways the timing was fortuitous, for the establishment of the monument coincided with the nighttime days of the Depression and the economic recovery programs of the Roosevelt administration. WPA funds were used to ameliorate many park areas and White Sands benefited by achieving a total mensurate of development within only a few years of opening. Construction projects included the visitor center/administrative edifice, maintenance facilities, public restrooms, and park residences. All of these buildings are still in service.

The park is currently examining its part as a laboratory for desert enquiry and the potential for new programs in desert ecology. Its full moon evening guided walks are famous around the globe. The park will also be looking for new ways to provide for visitor interaction with the desert'south resource.

Acknowledgement
National Park Service
White Sands National Monument
http://www.nps.gov/whsa/index.htm

Carlsbad Caverns

The park's cultural resources represent a long and varied continuum of human utilize starting in prehistoric times, and illustrating many adaptations to the Chihuahuan Desert environment. Man activities, including prehistoric and celebrated American Indian occupations, European exploration and settlement, industrial exploitation, commercial and cavern accessibility development, and tourism have each left reminders of their presence, and each has contributed to the rich and diverse history of the area.

Carlsbad Cavern National Monument was established in 1923 when the first photographs also appeared in the New York Times, stimulating interest in the cave. Important events enhancing the rise of tourism were:

• From 1923 to 1927 the first trails, stairs and lights were installed, including a staircase from the natural entrance to Bat Cave.
• 1927. Cavern Supply Visitor was established equally the park concessioner with an entry fee of $2.00 per person.
• 1928. Amelia Earhart visited the caverns.
• 1930. Congress designated the site as Carlsbad Caverns National Park.
• 1931. A 750' elevator shaft was drilled and blasted from both ends—the surface and the cavern, and the lift was installed, going into operation in January 1932. (Two larger elevators and another shaft were added in the middle 1950s.)1937. The park received its 1 millionth company.
• 1938-1942. A Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp was established at Rattlesnake Springs to go along construction.1959. Structure of the current visitor center was completed; sometime rock buildings near the cave entrance were removed and tour operations transferred to the company center.
• 1967. Self-guided trips through the Big Room were begun, with Rangers stationed at points throughout the Big Room interpreting their section as visitors pass by.
• 1986. Lechuguilla Cave is discovered to go further than expected. Over the coming years, it was taken to over 110 miles of explored passageway.
• 1995. Carlsbad Caverns National Park was declared a Globe Heritage Site.
• 2005. A full of 39,000,000 tourists have visited the Monument.

Today, Carlsbad Cave National Monument receives more almanac visitors than any other cultural resource in the state.

Acknowledgement
National Park Service
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
http://www.nps.gov/cave/historyculture/upload/history_site_bulletin.pdf

The Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge

The Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge was established under Franklin Roosevelt's administration in 1939 "as a refuge and breeding grounds for migratory birds and other wildlife." The U. Southward. Fish and Wildlife Service, with the back up of farmers and the Friends of the Bosque del Apache, have effectively re-established a wetlands environment, following the ecological wreckage caused by wood destruction, overgrazing, excessive hunting, river diversion and alien plant invasion. The Bosque del Apache has become an of import ecology success story alluring thousands of birders and other eco-tourists each fall to watch the return of the Sandhill Cranes, Snow Geese, and other species wintering there.

Acknowledgements
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
http://world wide web.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=22520

Desert Usa
Jay Precipitous
http://www.desertusa.com/mag00/nov/stories/bosque.html

New Mexico's Cities: Becoming Tourist Destinations

The arrival of the Model T Ford in1908 changed the face up of America forever. As automobiles became accessible Americans began to travel farther, and as travel increased, the public called for a standardized National Highway Arrangement. By 1926 a neb was signed in Washington D. C. and Route 66 became a reality. The 2,400-mile "Mother Road" continued minor towns across the Midwest and West with the big cities of Los Angeles and Chicago. With road improvements and the advent of Interstate forty and Interstate 25 afterward on, the ease of travel inaugurated a dramatic increment in tourism, with both small and big cities in New Mexico developing their unique tourist attractions.

Clovis

The city of Clovis, located in the Llano Estacado and largely an agricultural and ranching customs, is also an important destination for tourists with ii different interests.

Blackwater Describe was first recognized in 1929 every bit one of the most well-known and significant sites in North American archaeology. Early investigations at Blackwater Draw recovered show of man occupation in association with Late Pleistocene beast, including Columbian mammoth, camel, horse, bison, sabertooth true cat and dire wolf. Since its discovery, the site has been a focal point for scientific investigations by academic institutions and organizations from across the nation. The Blackwater Draw Museum first opened to the public in 1969 primarily to display artifacts describing and interpreting life at the site from Clovis times (over xiii,000 years ago) through the recent historic period. Due to its tremendous long-term potential for additional enquiry and to public interest, the site was incorporated into the National Annals of Historic Places in 1982. More recently, information technology was declared a National Historic Landmark.

On a totally different annotation, Clovis describes itself at "the city built on Rock 'north' Roll." Recently dubbed as New Mexico's 'best kept secret,' the Norman Fiddling 7th Street Studio is responsible for the "Clovis Sound," fabricated popular by such greats as Buddy Holly and Roy Orbison who recorded at the studio. The original equipment is still in the studio. In 2007, the Country of New Mexico recognized the studio with a NM Scenic Historic Marker, which is the first completed roadside marker commemorating Stone 'due north' Roll civilization that followed Globe War Two. The Norman & Vi Petty Rock & Gyre Museum
 honors Norman and Vi Petty and the artists who recorded at the 7th Street studio. A jukebox plays songs from the 50s and reminds visitors that Rock 'north' Whorl is here to stay. The museum recreates a working recording studio from the 1950s and displays artifacts and memorabilia from the studios, including the original mixing board used by Norman Petty to record Buddy Holly and the Crickets. The annual Clovis Music Festival attracts hundreds of Rock 'n' Roll lovers.

Acknowledgements
Clovis Chamber of Commerce
http://www.clovisnm.org/
http://world wide web.newmexicosouth.com/clovis/

Eastern New Mexico University
Blackwater Depict Museum
http://www.enmu.edu/services/museums/blackwater-depict/alphabetize.shtml

Las Cruces

Millions of years before the dinosaurs, Las Cruces teemed with reptiles and amphibians, whose stories are told in the endless scattering of fossils in nearby mountains and deserts. According to geologists, southern New United mexican states was covered by a cracking inland sea 600 million years ago. When the sea retreated, many fossils were left behind.

The surface area where Las Cruces rose was starting time inhabited past the Mogollon People and later, the Apache. It was colonized by the Spanish outset in 1598 when Juan de Oñate claimed all territory due north of the Rio Grande for New Spain and later became the showtime governor of the Castilian territory of New Mexico. The area remained nether New Spain control until 1821 when the Start Mexican empire claimed ownership. The Republic of Texas also claimed the area during this time until the terminate of the Mexican American War in 1846-48. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 established the United states every bit owner of this territory and Las Cruces was founded in 1849 when the United States Army laid out the boondocks plans. The first train reached Las Cruces in 1881, but not being a terminus or a crossroads, the population only grew to ii,300 in the 1880s. Las Cruces was incorporated as a town in 1907.

Las Cruces has get the economical and geographic center of the fertile Mesilla Valley, the agronomical region on the overflowing manifestly of the Rio Grande extending from Hatch, NM, to the west side of El Paso, TX. The growth of Las Cruces has been attributed to the university, government jobs and recently retirees. New Mexico State Academy was founded in 1888, New United mexican states's only country-grant institution. The establishment of White Sands Missile Range in 1944 and White Sands Exam Facility in 1963 has supported the metropolis's growth and employment because Las Cruces is the nearest metropolis to each.

Acknowledgement
Las Cruces CVB
http://www.lascrucescvb.org/html/las_cruces__new_mexico_history.html

Las Vegas

Las Vegas can claim some interesting characters as office of its depict to tourists every bit a true town of the Former Due west. Medico Holliday had a dentist's role in town. Baton the Kid hung out there. Teddy Roosevelt visited and recruited many of his Rough Riders from the local population for the Spanish-American War.

The twenty-nine Spanish settlers, who founded the city in 1835, received the Las Vegas state grant from the Mexican authorities, laying out their fledgling town in the traditional Spanish style, with a large central plaza anchoring the surrounding community. Las Vegas was New Mexico'southward outset territorial uppercase—for one day. As the beginning New Mexican settlement encountered past supply trains on their journey on the Santa Fe Trail traveling from the Us, jobs and commerce increased as the town grew to over one,000 people by 1860. During the next 20 years, its population quadrupled as it established itself every bit a major trade center, with businesses as well as residences lining the plaza. The arrival of the railroad in 1879 solidified the city's position as a mercantile center. At its peak, Las Vegas' trade surface area included all of eastern New Mexico and western Texas. A long period of economical reject followed the 1930'southward Depression.

The Montezuma Hotel, afterward known as Montezuma Castle, was congenital in 1882 equally a hot springs resort by the Fred Harvey Company and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, condign the first edifice in New Mexico with electric lights. The resort hotel, close to the Montezuma Hot Springs, was a popular destination for travelers making the crossing from east to west and back. The Castle airtight in 1903 and deteriorated; in 1981 the Armand Hammer Foundation bought the holding locating the American campus of the United Globe College there. Tours are nevertheless being given.

The metropolis'southward long dormancy was a boon to historic preservation, since it stopped development and permitted an architectural feast for the many people who visit Las Vegas today. There are over 900 structures in Las Vegas that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Northeast of Las Vegas is Fort Union National Monument. Established in 1851 to provide escort and protection for travelers on the due west finish of Santa Fe Trail, Fort Union grew to be the largest fort in the American Southwest, functioning as a military garrison, territorial arsenal, and war machine supply depot for the region.

Acknowledgements
Southwest Aviator
http://www.swaviator.com/html/issueMA04/lasvegasnm.html#Anchor-927

New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/eleven/16/travel/escapes/16american.html

Raton

Raton Pass had been used past Spanish explorers and Indians for centuries to cut through the rugged Rocky Mountains, but the trail was besides rough for wagons on the Santa Atomic number 26 Trail. Raton was founded at the site of Willow Springs, a stop on the Santa Atomic number 26 Trail. The original 320 acres for the Raton town site were purchased from the Maxwell Land Grant in 1880. In 1879, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Atomic number 26 Railroad bought a local toll road and established a decorated runway line. Raton quickly developed as a railroad, mining and ranching center for the northeast part of the New United mexican states territory, as well every bit the county seat and primary trading eye of the area. In the early 1900's, a visitor could have stayed at Raton's Gate City Motel for $one.25 a night.

Dr. James Jackson Shuler served as mayor of Raton from 1899-1902 and 1910-1919, undertaking a number of impressive projects, including development of a Raton metropolis park, electrical and water filtration plant, Raton Water Works, Raton Public Library, and the construction of the municipal auditorium, the Shuler Theater, whose commencement product was a national touring company show of The Cherry-red Rose, a Victorian musical comedy that opened Apr 27, 1915.

Acknowledgement
City of Raton
http://www.ratonnm.gov/

Roswell

Blackdom was a small self-sufficient African-American community 18 miles s of Roswell. Established in the early on 1900s, it was an epicenter of social life during its heyday before succumbing to ghost town status in 1929. Blackdom was known far and wide for its famous mouth-watering pies and its Fourth of July and Juneteenth celebrations. At one betoken, it was fifty-fifty hailed for being the but community in the state with a college-educated instructor. Oct 26, 2002, was proclaimed Blackdom Day by the governor of New United mexican states, and a historical marker was erected at a rest stop on Highway 285, betwixt Roswell and Artesia to commemorate the community.

The 24,536-acre Biting Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1937 to provide habitat for thousands of migrating sand hill cranes and waterfowl. Information technology is 1 of more than than 500 refuges throughout the The states managed by the Fish and Wild fauna Service. The National Wildlife Refuge Arrangement is the only national system of lands defended to conserving our wild fauna heritage for people today and for generations withal to come, providing habitat for some of the about rare creatures in New Mexico.

The Roswell Museum and Fine art Center opened in 1937, deriving its initial support from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) as part of a Depression era project to promote public art centers nationwide. It was founded through an agreement with the Metropolis of Roswell, the WPA and Federal Art Project, the Chaves County Archaeological and Historical Social club, and the Roswell Friends of Art. In its proposed plan, the WPA established that "the root of the customs art center thought is participation past the entire community in all forms of art experience…" The stated purpose of the Museum was "to serve the art needs of Roswell [through] continuously changing exhibitions in the fine and practical arts, lectures and gallery talks [music programs and an art schoolhouse where classes were offered free to the public]. The Museum has expanded, proving itself a popular stopping point for tourists visiting Chaves County.

Roswell's more recent history includes a mysterious crash of a supposed UFO that occurred north of the city in 1947. Responsible local citizens who witnessed the crash remained quiet about the doings until they retired. When their story surfaced, the city received globe attention. Local business people encouraged the idea of a home for information on the Roswell Incident and other UFO phenomena; in 1992 the Roswell UFO Museum was opened to the public. The result has been thousands of people visiting annually and a new multi-million dollar tourism industry for the urban center.

Acknowledgements
New Mexico Tourism Department
http://www.newmexico.org/larn/wildlife/bitterlake.php

International UFO Museum and Research Heart
http://www.roswellufomuseum.com

Roswell Museum and Fine art Middle
http://roswellmuseum.org

Santa Atomic number 26

Santa Iron draws more than one million visitors annually.

The Native Americans that inhabited New Mexico long before Castilian contact continue to enrich the state today. There are nineteen pueblos located around the land; the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos surrounding Santa Iron offer an invitation to experience the timeless cultures, traditions, arts and beliefs of the Puebloans at Feast Days and Dances year-round.

Santa Fe is recognized as 1 of the most intriguing urban environments in the nation, due largely to the city's preservation of historic buildings and a modernistic zoning code, passed in 1958, that mandates the city's distinctive Castilian-Pueblo style of compages based on the adobe (mud and straw) and woods construction of the by.

Santa Fe has also been the region's seat of culture and civilization (see the before department on "Tourism and the Arts" for an extensive discussion on its office as an fine art center). In fact, Santa Atomic number 26 is considered one of the most distinctive arts destinations in the country; in 2005, Santa Fe became the first U.S. city to be chosen by UNESCO every bit a Creative City, one of only nine cities in the globe to hold this designation.

Santa Fe'southward history as a uppercase metropolis dates to 1610, when conquistador Don Pedro de Peralta established it as the capital for the Spanish "Kingdom of New Mexico." The Palace of the Governors, congenital in 1610, served as Kingdom of spain'due south seat of authorities; it is the oldest public building in the land and now houses the state's history museum. Today's New Mexico State Capitol, known as the Roundhouse, is the but round capitol edifice in the country. It combines elements of New Mexico Territorial style, Pueblo adobe architecture and Greek Revival adaptations.

Other aspects of "The City Different," that have attracted visitors both past and present:

•  In the early on 20th century many people were drawn to Santa Fe'due south dry climate every bit a cure for tuberculosis. These "lungers" were artists, politicians and scientists who came to the region seeking a healthier lifestyle. Spas and healing centers abound; the urban center's many healing centers offer old and new modalities for attaining skillful wellness.
•  In 1956 John Crosby built the Santa Atomic number 26 Opera, which has developed into 1 of America's premier summer opera festivals, drawing 77,000 people to its open-air theater where the view is most every bit heady as the music.
• The city is surrounded by thousands of acres of pristine wilderness in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and is an platonic location for hikers, skiers, snowshoers, mountain bikers, river rafters, and horseback riders.

Acknowledgements
Santa Fe Convention and Tourist Bureau
http://santafe.org/
http://santafe.org/Visiting_Santa_Fe/About_Santa_Fe/index.html

Taos

The city of Taos is located close to the Taos Pueblo, the village and tribe from which it takes its name. Taos Pueblo's multi-storied adobe buildings have been continuously inhabited for over 1000 years, and is the only living Native American community designated both a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and a National Historic Landmark. In a landmark decision in 1970, the U.S. government returned sacred Blue Lake to Taos Pueblo.

As the boondocks of Taos grew, it played an active role in the tumultuous history of New Mexico. In the 1700'south it became a base of functioning and a refuge for the predominantly French-Canadian and American trappers and traders; the Taos Trade Off-white became even more than popular as a issue of their presence. As the boondocks settled and civilized, it too slowly began to draw tourists. In 1898 the first American artists, Ernest Blumenschien and Bert Phillips arrived when their wagon cycle bankrupt. They were inspired to stay, and later on to establish an Creative person Colony. Like Santa Fe, Taos became a seat of culture in the early 20th century (run into the before section on "Tourism and the Arts" for an extensive give-and-take on its office as an fine art center) continuing to attract artists and art lovers to the present day.

Other attractions that have made Taos a major tourist destination in the 21st century are:

• The historic homes of Kit Carson (frontiersman), Mabel Dodge Luhan (arts patron), D.H. Lawrence (writer), and Padre Antonio José Martínez (early Parish priest, rancher, and community leader), Taos Plaza, ane of the few places in the state where the American flag may be properly displayed day and dark,
• San Francisco de Asis Church in Ranchos de Taos, an adobe church painted and photographed by almost every noted artist who has visited the town for its sculptural beauty.
• In 1955, Ernie Blake created Taos Ski Valley, and to this twenty-four hour period skiers are attracted to Taos.

Acknowledgments
Taos County Historical Society
http://world wide web.taos-history.org/time.html

Taos Chamber of Commerce
www.taoschamber.com/

Taos Pueblo
http://www.taospueblo.com/about.php

Tourism Today

Tourism is big business organisation for the people, cities, and land of New Mexico. The travel industry:

• is the largest private sector employer,
• is the 2d largest individual sector manufacture in the state,
• employs more than than 110,000 workers,
• generates payroll in excess of $ane Billion, and
• travelers spend more than $5.7 Billion in New Mexico annually.

In addition to the traditional forms of tourism that travelers look for, both the cities and state have developed innovative offerings to attract travelers of all interests, incomes, and ages:

• Creative Tourism,
• Agritourism,
• Cultural and Heritage Tourism,
• Sustainable Tourism,
• Culinary Tourism,
• Eco-tourism,
• Astronomy Tourism,
• Gaming Tourism,
• Movie Tourism.

Acknowledgments
New United mexican states Tourism Department
http://www.newmexico.org/

Tourism Clan of New Mexico
http://www.tanm.org/

wattseyeanned.blogspot.com

Source: https://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/growing-new-mexico/tourism/history-tourism.html

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